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KSE-100 Index Faces Heavy Pressure as Geopolitical Tensions Shake Investor Confidence

Web Desk / June 8, 2026

The KSE-100 Index opened the week on a bearish note, reflecting growing unease in Pakistan’s equity market. The benchmark index closed at 168,953.70 points, losing 1,525.24 points or 0.89 percent in a single session. The decline was driven by escalating geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, which triggered risk aversion across banking, energy, and fertilizer sectors. Market sentiment weakened sharply as investors reacted to rising uncertainty in global oil markets and fears of prolonged regional instability. KSE-100 Index Under Intense Volatility Pressure The KSE-100 Index traded within a wide range of 928.09 points, highlighting intraday volatility. The index touched a high of 169,360.54 before sliding to a low of 168,432.45, reflecting aggressive selling pressure throughout the session. Trading activity remained active but tilted heavily toward the downside. Total volume in the index stood at 137.85 million shares, but sentiment was overwhelmingly negative, with 84 companies declining, 15 advancing, and 1 remaining unchanged among the index constituents. This imbalance underscores the broad-based nature of the selloff rather than isolated sector weakness. Heavyweight Stocks Drag the KSE-100 Index Lower The decline in the KSE-100 Index was largely driven by major blue-chip stocks, particularly from banking and energy sectors. Key index drags included: • UBL, reducing the index by 147.38 points• ENGROH, contributing a negative 108.11 points• HBL, down 107.07 points• FFC, also down 107.07 points• PPL, losing 91.51 points These heavyweights alone accounted for a significant portion of the overall decline, showing how concentrated pressure in large-cap stocks can rapidly influence index direction. On the positive side, selective stocks helped cushion losses, including: • PSEL, adding 87.20 points• JVDC, contributing 65.37 points• PSX, adding 28.58 points• LOTCHEM, contributing 10.72 points• TPLRF1, adding 9.17 points Despite these gains, they were insufficient to offset broad market weakness. Sector-Wise Breakdown of KSE-100 Index Weakness A deeper look into sector performance reveals widespread selling pressure across the KSE-100 Index. The most negative contributions came from: • Commercial Banks: minus 535.84 points• Cement: minus 213.44 points• Oil and Gas Exploration: minus 166.62 points• Fertilizer: minus 159.99 points• Technology and Communication: minus 110.57 points This shows that investor risk-off behavior was not limited to one sector but spread across core economic pillars of the market. However, some sectors provided limited support: • Miscellaneous sector added 84.36 points• Property sector contributed 65.37 points• Real Estate Investment Trusts added 9.95 points• Chemical sector contributed 5.33 points• Glass and Ceramics added 4.32 points Even so, these gains were not strong enough to counterbalance heavy losses in large-cap sectors. Broader Market Mirrors KSE-100 Index Decline The broader market followed the same trajectory as the KSE-100 Index, reinforcing overall bearish sentiment. • All-Share Index closed at 101,912.99, down 972.54 points or 0.95 percent• Total market volume reached 657.97 million shares• Market value stood at Rs 22.59 billion• Total trades recorded: 385,694 across 494 companies• Advancers: 116• Decliners: 336• Unchanged: 42 The data highlights widespread selling pressure across mid-cap and small-cap stocks as well, indicating a systemic market reaction rather than isolated sector rotation. Geopolitical Shock Triggers Global Risk-Off Sentiment The downturn in the KSE-100 Index was strongly influenced by rising geopolitical tensions in the Middle East. Renewed military exchanges between Israel and Iran pushed international oil prices higher, raising concerns over supply disruptions and prolonged regional instability. Higher crude oil prices added inflationary pressure to global markets, forcing investors to adopt a cautious stance. Pakistan’s energy-sensitive market responded with immediate selling pressure in banking, fertilizer, and oil-related stocks. Investors reduced exposure to risk assets as uncertainty increased around global growth and commodity price volatility. Market Snapshot: High-Volume Stocks Several stocks recorded heavy trading activity despite the bearish trend: • TPLP: 60.58 million shares, up 10.18 percent• TPL: 43.79 million shares, up 6.72 percent• PACE: 26.33 million shares, down 0.77 percent• WAVESAPP: 24.32 million shares, up 1.23 percent• THCCL: 22.71 million shares, up 4.84 percent• BECO: 21.04 million shares, down 4.12 percent• WTL: 20.81 million shares, down 0.78 percent• PAKQATAR: 20.71 million shares, up 2.18 percent• DSIL: 20.30 million shares, up 10.01 percent• PQGTL: 19.80 million shares, up 10.00 percent Long-Term Performance Still Positive Despite Short-Term Weakness Despite recent pressure, the KSE-100 Index remains up 43,326 points or 34.49 percent for the fiscal year. However, it is down 5,101 points or 2.93 percent year-to-date, reflecting short-term volatility amid global uncertainty.

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KSE-100 Index Jumps Nearly 1,000 Points as Economic Signals Spark Fresh Market Rally

Web Desk / June 4, 2026

The KSE-100 Index staged a strong comeback on Thursday, climbing 984.86 points to close at 171,175.50 as investors rushed back into the market following encouraging economic data and easing geopolitical tensions. The benchmark index gained 0.58% during the session and remained in positive territory throughout the day. Market participants responded enthusiastically to signs of improving economic stability, fueling broad-based buying across key sectors of the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). KSE-100 Index Rally Driven by Improving Economic Outlook The latest surge in the KSE-100 Index comes after Pakistan reported a significant improvement in its external account position. The country’s trade deficit narrowed by 39.43% month-on-month, falling to $2.58 billion in May 2026 from $4.26 billion in April. The sharp decline in imports surprised many analysts and strengthened confidence that Pakistan’s economic recovery is gaining momentum. Investors viewed the development as a positive sign for foreign exchange reserves, inflation management, and overall macroeconomic stability. As optimism spread through the market, buying activity intensified in heavyweight stocks that carry significant influence over the benchmark index. Oil, Cement and Fertilizer Stocks Lead the KSE-100 Index Higher Several major sectors powered the rally and contributed the majority of gains recorded by the KSE-100 Index. Oil and Gas Exploration Companies emerged as the strongest contributors, adding more than 236 points to the benchmark. The Cement sector followed closely, contributing nearly 210 points as investors positioned themselves for potential growth in construction and infrastructure activity. Fertilizer companies also attracted strong interest, while Technology and Communication stocks continued to benefit from growing investor confidence. Among the biggest contributors to the market’s advance were Fauji Fertilizer Company (FFC), Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL), Oil and Gas Development Company (OGDC), Lucky Cement (LUCK), and Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTC). Their combined performance accounted for a substantial portion of the day’s gains. Top Performing Stocks Capture Investor Attention Market activity was widespread, with 77 companies in the KSE-100 Index finishing higher and only 22 closing in the red. The strongest gainers included PIBTL, PIOC, GHNI, PTC, and TRG, all posting impressive advances as investors hunted for opportunities across multiple sectors. Trading activity was particularly intense in volume leaders. BECO dominated the session with more than 113 million shares traded, followed by PIBTL, WTL, HASCOLNC, TPLP, and PTC. The high volumes reflected renewed market participation and stronger risk appetite among investors. Geopolitical Relief Adds Fuel to Market Optimism Beyond domestic economic improvements, global developments also played a critical role in boosting sentiment. International markets reacted positively after oil prices eased following an Israel-Lebanon ceasefire agreement. Investors interpreted the development as a potential first step toward broader regional stability involving Iran, reducing fears of supply disruptions and escalating conflict. Adding to the positive mood, the passage of a resolution in the U.S. House of Representatives aimed at limiting President Donald Trump’s authority to engage in military action helped ease concerns about a wider regional confrontation. These developments encouraged investors to move back into equities and supported risk-taking across emerging markets, including Pakistan. Broader Market Shows Strong Participation The positive momentum was not limited to blue-chip stocks. The All-Share Index climbed 650.17 points to close at 103,183.14, reflecting widespread participation across the broader market. Total market volume reached 697.17 million shares, while trading value stood at Rs26.14 billion. More than 333,000 trades were recorded across 492 listed companies. Of these, 316 companies closed higher, 128 declined, and 48 remained unchanged. The figures indicate strong investor engagement and suggest that confidence is spreading beyond a handful of large-cap stocks. What Lies Ahead for the KSE-100 Index? Despite recent volatility, the long-term performance of the KSE-100 Index remains impressive. During the current fiscal year, the benchmark has gained more than 45,500 points, representing growth of over 36%. However, the index remains slightly negative for the calendar year, highlighting the challenges that investors have faced amid geopolitical uncertainty and economic adjustments. With trade figures improving, inflation pressures gradually easing, and global tensions showing signs of moderation, market participants will be closely watching whether the KSE-100 Index can sustain its upward momentum and push toward new record highs in the coming weeks. For now, Thursday’s rally sends a clear message: investor confidence is returning, and Pakistan’s stock market is once again attracting attention as economic indicators begin to move in the right direction.

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USCIS Tightens Green Card Rules: US Ttells Foreigners Seeking Green Card: Go Back to Your Countries to Apply

Web Desk / May 23, 2026

WASHINGTON – The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has introduced a significant policy change requiring foreigners currently in the United States on temporary visas to return to their home countries to apply for green cards. The announcement, made on Friday, has sparked immediate criticism from immigrant aid organizations. The new directive, outlined in a policy memo, instructs USCIS officers to evaluate requests for extraordinary relief on a case-by-case basis. According to the Department of Homeland Security, this move aims to restore the immigration system to its intended legal framework and eliminate perceived loopholes. Impact on Vulnerable Immigrants Humanitarian groups have raised serious concerns about the policy’s effect on vulnerable populations. Organizations like HIAS argue that survivors of human trafficking, abused children, and other at-risk individuals may now be forced to return to dangerous home countries to complete their green card applications. Critics say the requirement creates unnecessary hardship and safety risks for those who fled persecution or violence. Broader Immigration Crackdown This policy forms part of a larger series of immigration tightening measures under the current administration. In recent months, the government has shortened certain visa durations and revoked tens of thousands of visas as part of efforts to reduce migration.

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Pakistan’s Auto Financing Surges 36.6% YoY in April 2026

Web Desk / May 18, 2026

Strong credit growth signals robust recovery in the automotive sector amid improving economic indicators.KARACHI: Auto financing in Pakistan has shown remarkable growth, reaching PKR 360 billion in April 2026. This marks a significant 36.6% increase compared to PKR 263 billion in April 2025, according to data highlighted by Arif Habib Limited. On a month-on-month basis, financing also rose by 4.1% from March 2026, reflecting sustained momentum in consumer and commercial vehicle lending.Sectoral Performance and Economic DriversThe transport and auto segment has outperformed other categories in private sector credit, demonstrating resilience and strong demand recovery. This growth aligns with broader positive trends in the automotive industry, where vehicle sales jumped over 108% year-on-year in April.Lower interest rates, improved macroeconomic stability, and higher consumer confidence appear to be key factors driving this uptick. Banks have expanded lending for automobiles as purchasing power stabilizes and economic activity rebounds. Outlook and Industry Implications Analysts view this surge as a positive indicator for the overall economy. Increased auto financing typically boosts related industries including manufacturing, dealerships, insurance, and after-sales services. It also supports employment generation in one of Pakistan’s key industrial sectors. The consistent rise in auto loans since mid-2024 suggests a structural recovery. Industry stakeholders expect this trend to continue if interest rates remain supportive and inflation stays under control. However, challenges such as exchange rate volatility and input costs for local assemblers will need monitoring.This development comes at a time when Pakistan’s private sector credit is gradually gaining traction, shifting focus from government borrowing toward productive economic activities.

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Pakistan Condemns Attack on UAE Nuclear Facility

Syed Shoaib / May 18, 2026

Pakistan has strongly condemned the drone attack on the Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and expressed full solidarity with the Emirati government and people following the incident. In a statement issued on Monday, Pakistan’s Foreign Office said any deliberate attack on nuclear facilities represented a serious violation of international law, international humanitarian law, and the principles of nuclear safety and security established under the International Atomic Energy Agency framework. Foreign Office Warns Against Targeting Nuclear Facilities The Foreign Office stated that nuclear installations must never become targets under any circumstances. Officials warned that such attacks could have catastrophic consequences for human life, regional stability, and the environment. The statement stressed that the protection of civilian nuclear infrastructure remains an established international norm that all states must respect. Pakistan also urged all sides to exercise restraint and avoid actions that could escalate tensions across the region. Drone Strike Hits Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant The reaction came a day after a drone strike caused a fire at the Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant in the UAE. According to the UAE defence ministry, authorities intercepted two drones successfully, while another drone managed to reach the facility. Officials said the drone struck an electrical generator located outside the plant’s inner security perimeter. Authorities confirmed that no injuries occurred during the incident. Officials also stated that radiation levels remained normal and the nuclear facility continued operating safely. The Abu Dhabi Media Office said the fire was contained quickly and did not affect the plant’s operations. UAE Nuclear Authority Confirms Safety Measures The UAE’s Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation later confirmed that no radioactive material leaked from the site. Officials assured the public that radiological safety standards remained intact following the attack. Authorities also emphasized that the Barakah facility remained secure despite the incident. The defence ministry stated that the drones had entered from the western border, though officials did not provide further operational details. Regional Tensions Continue to Rise The attack comes amid rising tensions in the Middle East following the conflict that began after US and Israeli strikes against Iran earlier this year. Iran has repeatedly targeted Gulf states hosting US military bases during the conflict. Several attacks reportedly struck civilian and energy related infrastructure across the region. Analysts believe the latest incident could increase concerns about the security of critical infrastructure in Gulf countries. Pakistan Calls for Diplomacy and Restraint Pakistan renewed its call for dialogue and diplomacy to reduce tensions in the region. The Foreign Office said all parties must fulfil their obligations under international law and international humanitarian law. The statement warned against steps that could push the region toward further instability. Officials stressed that peaceful dialogue remained the only viable path toward lasting peace and regional stability. The statement also reaffirmed Pakistan’s support for efforts aimed at preventing escalation and protecting civilian infrastructure during conflicts.

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Service Long March Tyres IPO Book Building at PSX to Open on May 18

Syed Shoaib / May 18, 2026

Karachi: Service Long March Tyres Limited, Pakistan’s first and largest truck and bus radial (TBR) tyre manufacturer and exporter, is set to begin the book building process for its Initial Public Offering (IPO) on May 18, 2026, which will continue till May 19, 2026. The IPO is being offered at a price band of PKR 14.25 to PKR 19.95 per share, providing investors an opportunity to participate in one of Pakistan’s emerging manufacturing and export-led growth stories. The company has positioned itself as a key player in Pakistan’s tyre industry, with a strong focus on truck and bus radial tyres, a segment considered critical for transportation, logistics, trade, and industrial movement. Commenting on the IPO, Shahid Ali Habib, CEO of Arif Habib Limited, the Lead Manager of the Issue, said the offering represents an important opportunity for investors to gain exposure to Pakistan’s manufacturing and export sectors.“Service Long March Tyres is a compelling IPO story backed by industrial scale, export potential, import substitution, and a strong growth outlook. The IPO will likely to raise Rs7.8 billion at the upper circuit.The company will utilise this to support SLM’s entry into the passenger car tyre segment. This move is aiming at reducing reliance on imported tyres and strengthening domestic manufacturing capacity. As part of its expansion, SLM intends to establish a dedicated PCR tyre production facility, with operations targeted to begin in January 2028. The plant will initially produce around 2 million tyres annually, with capacity projected to rise to 2.5 million units in FY2029 and 3 million units by FY2030. The company is backed by modern Chinese technology, which has enabled it to achieve a competitive cost structure among local and international tyre manufacturers. This advantage supports its export strategy, with the company targeting a significant portion of its production for international markets. According to the management, Service Long March Tyres is being evaluated at around US$550 million for the IPO, while the company aims to achieve a valuation of US$1 billion within the next two years through capacity expansion, export growth, and deeper penetration in local and global markets.

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Trump Announces Major Boeing Deal: China to Buy 200 Jets

Web Desk / May 16, 2026

China has agreed to purchase 200 aircraft from Boeing, according to Donald Trump. The announcement was made during an interview with Fox News following Trump’s recent meetings in Beijing. Read More: https://theboardroompk.com/pakistan-hits-highest-ever-average-income-per-person-but-still-one-of-lowest-in-the-world/ President Trump said the agreement was reached after discussions with Xi Jinping, revealing that Boeing had originally sought an order for 150 aircraft but China decided to increase the purchase to 200 jets. The deal is being viewed as a significant breakthrough in easing trade tensions between the two countries and marks Boeing’s first major Chinese order in nearly a decade. The multibillion-dollar agreement is expected to support thousands of jobs across the United States while benefiting Boeing’s extensive supply chain. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent had earlier indicated that a major aircraft order could emerge during the visit. Industry analysts see the agreement as a positive sign for future aviation and trade relations between the two economies. Trump described the order as a “big thing” for Boeing and said the commitment reflects improving economic cooperation between Washington and Beijing. Aviation experts believe the purchase will likely include Boeing’s popular 737 aircraft models, with deliveries expected to continue over several years. The development comes amid wider discussions between the two nations on tariffs, trade barriers, and market access, signaling a renewed focus on practical economic cooperation. The announcement also generated optimism in global aerospace markets, with Boeing shares reportedly reacting positively in early trading. Analysts say the agreement highlights the importance of high-level diplomacy in strengthening business ties and could pave the way for further commercial opportunities between the United States and China.

Engro Elengy Terminal Handles Country’s Largest Ever LNG vessel of 210,000 cbm

Web Desk / May 16, 2026

Karachi: Engro Elengy Terminal (EETL) has successfully received and began offloading the largest LNG cargo in Pakistan’s history on 13 May 2026, amid pressures on global energy supplies. The handling of the Q-Flex vessel carrying over 210,000 cubic metres of LNG was a demonstration of the terminal infrastructure’s strength and team’s capabilities. The operation entailed a complex vessel handling. A dual-parcel discharge sequence was undertaken at the terminal safety and seamlessly while navigating tidal and draft constraints. This accomplishment was made possible through close coordination between Port Qasim Authority (PQA), Excelerate Energy, Nakilat (NSQL), Qatar Energy, SSGC, PSO and operational teams across the terminal ecosystem. It demonstrated the engineering capabilities and strength of all terminal teams and stakeholders. The significance of this key moment extends far beyond the size of the LNG cargo. For millions across Pakistan, it means energy will continue to flow when it is needed most. Homes will remain powered, businesses remain operational, food and essential supplies continue to reach people, and everyday life moves forward without disruption, especially during a challenging period. Such milestones demonstrate that the readiness and availability of terminal infrastructure at all times remains key to supporting Pakistan’s energy needs. Terminal infrastructure is more than just steel, pipelines, and ports; it enables energy continuity for people, stability for the economy, and confidence in the country’s ability to navigate complex circumstances to reach a better future.

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BankIslami and EXIM Bank Sign Pakistan’s First Shariah-Compliant Trade and Export Finance Partnership

Web Desk / May 15, 2026

Karachi, May 14, 2026: BankIslami Pakistan Limited and EXIM Bank of Pakistan have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to establish Pakistan’s first Shariah-compliant trade and export finance partnership of its kind. The collaboration aims to strengthen the country’s trade finance framework while expanding access to Riba-free financial solutions for exporters across Pakistan. The partnership is designed to transform how Pakistani exporters access trade finance by creating a framework covering export credit insurance, credit risk management, digital solutions, and capacity building. Both institutions aim to place Riba-free solutions at the center of Pakistan’s export ecosystem while enhancing the trade footprint of the two organizations. The MoU was signed by Rizwan Ata and Shahbaz H. Syed. Senior executives from both institutions were also present during the signing ceremony, including representatives from treasury, wholesale banking, operations, and regional business management divisions. Speaking on the occasion, Rizwan Ata said strengthening Pakistan’s trade and export sector is a national priority and emphasized BankIslami’s commitment to making Riba-free trade finance accessible to the broader business community. He noted that the partnership with EXIM Bank reflects a shared commitment to expanding Pakistan’s export footprint while ensuring compliance with Islamic finance principles. Shahbaz H. Syed stated that Pakistan’s export sector holds significant untapped potential and said EXIM Bank remains focused on unlocking growth opportunities through strategic partnerships. He added that combining EXIM Bank’s trade finance expertise with BankIslami’s Shariah-compliant framework would help create accessible and effective financial solutions for Pakistani exporters. The collaboration reflects the shared vision of both institutions to build a more inclusive, resilient, and Riba-free financial ecosystem that supports businesses, strengthens Pakistan’s export ambitions, and promotes Islamic finance across the country.

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CHANGING GLOBAL TRADE DYNAMICS: Vietnamese Envoy sees Karachi emerging as regional transshipment hub

Web Desk / May 15, 2026

KARACHI: Ambassador of Vietnam to Pakistan Pham Anh Tuan has said that evolving geopolitical and trade dynamics in the region have created new opportunities for Pakistan, particularly for Karachi, which possesses the potential to rapidly emerge as a regional trade and logistics hub owing to the strategic importance of Karachi Port. Speaking during his visit to Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry (KCCI), Ambassador Pham Anh Tuan observed that disruptions in global supply chains due to ongoing tensions in the Middle East and the broader US-Israel-Iran conflict have compelled businesses worldwide to explore alternative trade and transshipment routes. In this scenario, Karachi Port could play a vital role in connecting regional markets, particularly the Middle East, through enhanced maritime and transshipment activities. The meeting was also attended by Head of Vietnam Trade Mission in Karachi Nguyen Thi Diep Ha, President KCCI Muhammad Rehan Hanif, Senior Vice President KCCI Muhammad Raza, Chairman Diplomatic Missions & Embassies Liaison Subcommittee Ahsan Arshad Sheikh and members of the KCCI Executive Committee. Ambassador Pham Anh Tuan stated that this was his second visit to Karachi and also his second interaction at KCCI, which reflected the importance attached by the Vietnamese Embassy to strengthening engagement with Pakistan’s business community, particularly through KCCI which plays a pivotal role in promoting bilateral economic cooperation. Highlighting Vietnam’s economic progress, the Ambassador noted that Vietnam remains one of Asia’s fastest-growing economies. He said that Pakistan and Vietnam enjoy longstanding friendly relations encompassing political, economic and cultural cooperation. Referring to bilateral trade, he noted that trade volume between the two countries stood at approximately US$850 million, which, despite remaining stable over recent years, still falls significantly short of its actual potential. The Ambassador further informed that both countries have initiated discussions on a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA), which would substantially benefit the business communities of both sides. Under the proposed PTA framework, tariffs on more than 100 product lines are expected to be reduced to zero, thereby creating new avenues for bilateral trade expansion and industrial collaboration. He added that negotiations are progressing positively and both governments are actively pursuing the agreement. Emphasizing the need for stronger business-to-business interaction, Ambassador Pham Anh Tuan invited KCCI to send a high-powered trade delegation to Vietnam to explore investment opportunities, joint ventures and commercial partnerships. “Let us work together to further strengthen engagement between the business communities of both countries and take Pakistan-Vietnam relations to new heights through collective and collaborative efforts,” he added. Earlier, President KCCI Muhammad Rehan Hanif, while welcoming the Vietnamese delegation, stated that KCCI attaches immense importance to strengthening economic relations between Pakistan and Vietnam.He informed that KCCI, being the country’s largest chamber with over 30,000 direct members and representation from seven industrial zones of Karachi, serves as the principal voice of Pakistan’s business and industrial community. Karachi contributes over 65 percent revenue to the national exchequer and accounts for more than 52 percent of Pakistan’s exports, making it the country’s foremost industrial and commercial hub. Muhammad Rehan Hanif observed that Pakistan and Vietnam enjoy cordial bilateral relations founded on mutual respect, cooperation and shared aspirations for economic prosperity. However, despite encouraging progress in bilateral trade relations over the years, the existing trade volume remains far below the true potential available to both economies. He noted that Vietnam has emerged as a remarkable success story in Asia through rapid industrialization, export-led growth, manufacturing excellence and economic reforms, while Pakistan offers tremendous opportunities in textiles, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, leather products, sports goods, surgical instruments, information technology, food processing and several other sectors. President KCCI emphasized that enhanced interaction between the business communities of both countries could open new avenues for trade, investment, technology transfer, industrial collaboration and joint ventures. He appreciated the efforts of the Vietnam Trade Mission in facilitating closer business-to-business connectivity and reaffirmed KCCI’s commitment to promoting stronger international trade relations and exploring new global markets for Pakistani businesses.

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